Una de las tareas de la filosofía consiste, según Merleau-Ponty, en aprender de nuevo a ver el mundo. En este artículo se pretende mostrar el laberinto de dificultades en el que se penetra cuando se pregunta qué es ver, qué se ve y quién o qué es el vidente. Este y lo visible brotan de una misma visibilidad carnal que los entreteje: la motricidad y la reversibilidad serán claves para acercarse a esa relación, así como para ofrecer una nueva visión (...) de la imagen que conlleva una reciprocidad entre lo real y lo imaginario. (shrink)

Mostramos el valor de los estudios biográficos para comprender los modos de ser sujetos en comunidades de diversa tolerancia hacia las prácticas homoeróticas. El texto reflexiona sobre la constitución de comunidades imaginarias a partir de trabajos etnográficos en comunidades indígenas; la participación de medios de comunicación; las injerencias de ONG sobre la comunidad zapoteca, en especial en Juchitán, tierra de tolerancias sexual hacia los muxes. Los muxes cumplen diversas tares sociales y culturales, son hombres con prácticas homoeróticas con otros hombres (...) que ni ellos ni el grupo social considera homosexuales. Los zapotecas forman parte de los grupos originarios del sur de México, tienen fuerte presencia en el país en su conjunto, desarrollan prácticas de amplia participación de la mujer, tanto así que algunos científicos sociales la han denominado cultura matriarcal. En el presente documento se discuten seis asuntos sobre la región a partir de argumentos generados por un miembro de amplio reconocimiento en la región de Juchitán: 1) la valoración del rol de la mujer al considerar que es un grupo con prácticas matriarcales; 2) el mito del paraíso de la izquierda; 3) el mito del paraíso gay; 4) la idea de un tercer sexo; 5) la idea de aceptación generalizada de los muxes; 6) la generalización del travestismo. Finalmente, se plantean algunos efectos de la intervención de los científicos sociales, de los medios de difusión masiva y de las ONG sobre la profesionalización del pueblo para dar respuesta a la diversidad de intereses de los externos a la comunidad. (shrink)

One of the objectives in the field of artificial intelligence for some decades has been the development of artificial agents capable of coexisting in harmony with people and other systems. The computing research community has made efforts to design artificial agents capable of doing tasks the way people do, tasks requiring cognitive mechanisms such as planning, decision-making, and learning. The application domains of such software agents are evident nowadays. Humans are experiencing the inclusion of artificial agents in their environment as (...) unmanned vehicles, intelligent houses, and humanoid robots capable of caring for people. In this context, research in the field of machine ethics has become more than a hot topic. Machine ethics focuses on developing ethical mechanisms for artificial agents to be capable of engaging in moral behavior. However, there are still crucial challenges in the development of truly Artificial Moral Agents. This paper aims to show the current status of Artificial Moral Agents by analyzing models proposed over the past two decades. As a result of this review, a taxonomy to classify Artificial Moral Agents according to the strategies and criteria used to deal with ethical problems is proposed. The presented review aims to illustrate (1) the complexity of designing and developing ethical mechanisms for this type of agent, and (2) that there is a long way to go (from a technological perspective) before this type of artificial agent can replace human judgment in difficult, surprising or ambiguous moral situations. (shrink)

El artículo presenta una reflexión sobre la manera en que en los últimos veinte años la promoción de un determinado tipo de solidaridad en Chile ha contribuido a la conformación de una gubernamentalidad liberal avanzada, necesaria para la instalación de un programa neoliberal. La reflexión se enmarca en los aportes teóricos de Michel Foucault y tiene por objeto empírico piezas de publicidad de promoción de la solidaridad emitidas en Chile entre los años 2009 y 2010, que han sido analizadas en (...) el contexto del proyecto Fondecyt 1090534. Se presentan tres tipos de resultados: (a) se describen los sectores sociales que se construyen como agentes de la solidaridad, (b) se reflexiona sobre las prácticas solidarias más promovidas y (c) se indaga en la forma en que se interpela a los sujetos a ser solidarios. (shrink)

Designated bishop of Silves, diocese of Faro, Algarve, in 1334, D. Alvaro Pelayo entered in conflict with Alfonso IV (1325-57), the King of Portugal, sending him two letters in that one can notice that there he also had to defend the jurisdictional autonomy of the spiritual power, in order to the centralizing politics that the king, following his father’s steps, D. Dinis (1279-1325), gave continuity, with the purpose of restricting the political space of the high Lusitanian clergy. Past some few (...) years, (1347) for the same reason, the conflict of the relationships of power among the two authorities increased. Our purpose here is double: to analyze the historical facts related with the two mentioned conflicts, well as the aspects doctrinal contents in the two referred letters, with view to show the thought coherence and attitude of D. Alvaro Pelayo. (shrink)

En el sexagésimo aniversario de la liberación del campo de exterminio de Auschwitz, el tema de la dialéctica de la Ilustración (que se situó en el núcleo del pensamiento crítico de posguerra), sigue siendo una cuestión abierta y candente. ¿Qué proceso de transformación atraviesa la visión del mundo occidental para que los valores de la Ilustración resulten de improviso completamente inoperantes para detener la expansión de la barbarie más antihumana? Este interrogante aún desafía la construcción de una cultura universalista a (...) partir de la tradición de la modernidad, moviéndonos a un replanteamiento crítico de su trayectoria. La lúcida obra de.. (shrink)

Commentators believe that the COVID-19 pandemic reveals the inconveniences of capitalism and that the end of “neoliberalism” could be near. In this article we show that a capitalist ethics is capable to deal with the challenges of pandemics and comes with important advantages such as the prevention of overreactions. We apply both utilitarian and rights-based ethics to the case of epidemics in general and COVID-19 in particular. First a libertarian natural law ethics is used to assess the government interventions in (...) the Corona pandemic. We maintain that these interventions cannot be justified from a libertarian point of view despite of the possible objections that are discussed such as the “potential threat argument”. Moreover, the utilitarian argument in favor of government lockdowns is evaluated. The negative effects of lockdown on mental health, addictions, domestic violence, etc. have to be taken into account. The utilitarian argument in favor of lockdown is far from convincing, as economic calculation is not possible. (shrink)

Mientras que las ciencias físicas han desvelado en la modernidad gran número de problemas, las ciencias sociales y humanas siguen enfrentándose al "monstruo de lo social"; sin lograr resolver los enigmas que suscita la vida colectiva. Los conflictos sociales, políticos y culturales no sólo no han sido paliados sino que a veces se han vuelto aún más opacos. Esta paradoja que conduce al desaliento, interroga directamente a disciplinas como la antropología social y cultural. La antropología crítica como saber en permanente (...) transformación se ha convertido de esta manera en un gozne indispensable de la sociedad plural y democrática. (shrink)

Después de 40 años tras la revolución kuhniana en filosofía de la ciencia es clara la necesidad de un estudio interdisciplinar de la ciencia. Pero no se ve que sea posible el que la filosofía tenga algo que decir en tal marco interdisciplinar de análisis empírico. La tendencia general a la naturalización parece dejar fuera de juego a una disciplina, la filosofía, cuyo tradicional estilo normativo es muy difícil de asimilar. Con todo, la polémica continúa. En estas páginas se recoge, (...) entre algunos otros problemas, el enfrentamiento contemporáneo entre el racionalismo filosófico y el relativismo en la comprensión de la naturaleza de la ciencia. (shrink)

The Air Quality Index (AQI) shows the state of air pollution in a unique and more understandable way. This work aims to forecast the AQI in Algeciras (Spain) 8 hours in advance. The AQI is calculated indirectly through the predicted concentrations of five pollutants (O3, NO2, CO, SO2 and PM10) to achieve this goal. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), sequence-to-sequence long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) and a newly proposed method combing a rolling window with the latter (LSTMNA) are employed as the (...) forecasting techniques. Besides, two input approaches are evaluated: using only the data from the own time series of the pollutant in the first case or adding exogenous variables in the second one. Several window sizes are employed (24, 28 and 72 hours) with ANNs and LSTMNAs. Additionally, several feature ranking methods are applied in the exogenous approach to select the most relevant lagged variables to feed the models. Results show how the proposed exogenous approach increases the performance of the prediction models. Besides, the newly proposed method LSTMNA provides the best performances in most of the cases evaluated. Hence, it constitutes an exciting alternative to standard LSTMs and ANNs to predict pollutants concentrations and, consequently, the AQI. (shrink)

BackgroundSafeguarding the right to die according to the principles of autonomy and freedom of each person has become more important in the last decade, therefore increasing regulation of Euthanasi...

Los límites entre las humanidades y las ciencias se han desplazado y traspasado en innumerables ocasiones en las últimas décadas. El uso de la ciencia en los estudios humanísticos y de la metáfora cultural en los científicos está abundantemente documentado. Fértiles en especial han sido, por ejemplo, las teorías de la termodinámica (entropía), de la topología, de las catástrofes y de los fractales. El físico y matemático Alan Sokal, sin embargo, denunció la instrumentalización abusiva de la ciencia por ciertos teóricos (...) de la literatura, filósofos y psicoanalistas, entre otros. El escándalo provocado por Sokal en 1996 oculta, no obstante, empleos legítimos de las ciencias por las humanidades, como el que Gaston Bachelard ilustró, tras despejar los obstáculos epistemológicos previos, con su creación de una poética de la materia. (shrink)

La Alhambra, antiguo monumento islámico levantado entre los siglos xiii y xv en la ciudad andaluza de Granada para albergar a la corte real nazarí, ha sido privilegiado objeto de reflexión desde finales del siglo xviii para los orientalistas. Este artículo propone una lectura poscolonial y posmoderna consecuente de la Alhambra con el fin de superar precisamente el horizonte orientalista fijado de manera estereotípica sobre todo por los viajeros románticos. Para ello introduce al lector en qué significa el discurso poscolonial, (...) y cómo la obra del arabista británico Robert Irwin, responde a esa lógica posmoderna. Se finaliza criticando la posición de éste por inconsecuentemente poscolonial al sostenerse en una jerarquía lingüística, donde la lengua inglesa tiene un lugar privilegiado, al haberse abandonado las fuentes del conocimiento locales simplemente por no expresarse en los circuitos académicos anglosajones. L’Alhambra, ancien monument islamique édifié du xiiie au xve siècle dans la ville andalouse de Grenade pour héberger la cour royale nasride, a été un objet privilégié de réflexion pour les orientalistes dès la fin du xviiie siècle. Cet article propose une lecture postcoloniale et postmoderne radicale de l’Alhambra afin de dépasser précisément l’horizon orientaliste fixé de manière stéréotypée, en particulier par les voyageurs romantiques. Pour ce faire, il introduit le lecteur dans le processus de signification du discours postcolonial, et montre comment l’œuvre de l’arabisant britannique Robert Irwin répond à cette logique postmoderne. Il critique en conclusion la position de celui-ci, montrant l’inconséquence de ses positions postcoloniales qui négligent les sources locales de connaissance, simplement parce qu’elles ne s’expriment pas à l’intérieur des cercles académiques anglo-saxons. (shrink)

La destrucción de arte rupestre en la península Burrup, llevada a cabo por varias industrias colosales, estratégicamente localizadas en la península desde la década de los años sesenta, me permite analizar el concepto de patrimonio y encontrar un significado en la difícil tarea de interpretar arte rupestre. La península Burrup no sólo alberga el sitio arqueológico de arte rupestre más grande del mundo, sino que también uno de los depósitos más grandes de gas, mineral de hierro y sal. Como consecuencia, (...) la tierra (sagrada para la comunidad aborigen), se ha convertido en un punto álgido ya que sostiene la economía creciente de Australia. En esta difícil negociación entre patrimonio y progreso, el arte rupestre encuentra nuevos significados y el patrimonio se torna efímero. Al no estar el sitio incluido en la lista de Patrimonio Mundial auspiciada por la UNESCO, los roles de identidad y memoria son impugnados por los dos grupos que representan ambos lados del debate: por un lado, los dueños tradicionales aborígenes y los arqueólogos; por el otro, el gobierno australiano y el es-tablecimiento cultural que le niega al arte rupestre una significancia estética al considerarlo “primitivo” y “arcaico”. El debate se torna cada vez más pertinente al darnos cuenta de que el gobierno australiano ha propuesto otros sitios y parques naturales para su introducción en la lista de Patrimonio Mundial, mientras que el arte rupestre de la península Burrup está catalogado como patrimonio nacional, mas no mundial. Como resultado, el concepto de patrimonio se puede definir en diferentes niveles: local, nacional e internacional. (shrink)

Se analiza la presencia intelectual de Ricardo Eduardo Latcham, ingeniero inglés, que llegado a Chile dio un mayor impulso al estudio tanto de la prehistoria latinoamericana como de la arqueología chilena, en los ámbitos del hábitat araucano y de las culturas del norte, en especial la atacameña. En este sentido, sus investigaciones prosiguieron a las de Uhle y posibilitaron integrar a los pueblos originarios del norte chileno al panorama de la prehistoria nacional. Latcham se adentró en registrar las conductas de (...) la sociedad chilena, tanto culta como popular, de fines del siglo XIX, legando agudas anotaciones etnográficas juntamente con una labor de tenaz divulgador de los progresos de la antropología europea, convirtiéndose en un corresponsal de las revistas británicas de la disciplina. Sus obras mayores las pudo difundir en el marco de sus actividades en el Museo de Historia Natural y en la Universidad de Chile. The intellectual presence of Ricardo E. Latcham, an English engineer whose arrival in Chile gave greater impulse to the study of Latin American pre-history and Chilean archaeology regarding araucano habitat and northern cultures, particularly the atacameno culture, is analyzed. His studies continued those of Uhle’s and made it possible to integrate the originary peoples of northern Chile to the panorama of the national pre-history. Latcham recorded the behaviors of both educated and popular Chilean society at the end of the 19th century, producing deep ethnographic records. He also conducted an enthusiastic dissemination of the progress made by European anthropology, becoming a correspondent of the British journals of this discipline. He disseminated his major works while working for the Museum of Natural History and the University of Chile. (shrink)

The business world is facing a very complicated situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Small- and medium-sized companies —both in Spain and at the global level—are seeing their survival jeopardized by a fall in revenues. This scenario is aggravated in the case of micro-SMEs headed by female entrepreneurs. Accordingly, micro-SMEs, particularly those led by female entrepreneurs, need to reinvent themselves to overcome the current adversities that could lead to the destruction of their businesses and hence their jobs. One of the (...) ways to do this is to take advantage of digital transformation. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze which variables influence the financial results of female-led Spanish micro-SMEs when they carry out social marketing actions. For that purpose, an online survey was designed and analyzed using the “PROCESS” macro. Results show that social media marketing actions have significant effects on financial performance. (shrink)

This paper proposes a state-of-the-art methodology for the analysis of stakeholders and their role and performance related to SMEs in the mining industry in the Chilean region of Coquimbo. The relationships between the actors are studied and prioritized according to their support network position. An individual index for each actor based on their influence on solving problems is provided. The social network analysis was used to know the influence of the actors in the sector through the centrality measures. Furthermore, a (...) methodology to measure stakeholders’ influence based on the multicriteria method analytic network process approach is proposed. Both methods are used to identify the main stakeholders, study their relationships, and identify the most influential actors involved in executing strategies to boost the sector performance. The results show that the network remains cohesive thanks to certain actors, while the links between private actors must be strengthened; likewise, some public actors should assume a more proactive role in dealing with the problems of the sector. (shrink)

One of the main challenges in medicine is to guarantee an appropriate drug supply according to the real needs of patients. Closed-loop strategies have been widely used to develop automatic solutions based on feedback variables. However, when the variable of interest cannot be directly measured or there is a lack of knowledge behind the process, it turns into a difficult issue to solve. In this research, a novel algorithm to approach this problem is presented. The main objective of this study (...) is to provide a new general algorithm capable of determining the influence of a certain clinical variable in the decision making process for drug supply and then defining an automatic system able to guide the process considering this information. Thus, this new technique will provide a way to validate a given physiological signal as a feedback variable for drug titration. In addition, the result of the algorithm in terms of fuzzy rules and membership functions will define a fuzzy-based decision system for the drug delivery process. The method proposed is based on a Fuzzy Inference System whose structure is obtained through a decision tree algorithm. A four-step methodology is then developed: data collection, preprocessing, Fuzzy Inference System generation, and the validation of results. To test this methodology, the analgesia control scenario was analysed. Specifically, the viability of the Analgesia Nociception Index as a guiding variable for the analgesic process during surgical interventions was studied. Real data was obtained from fifteen patients undergoing cholecystectomy surgery. (shrink)

Adaptive optics are techniques used for processing the spatial resolution of astronomical images taken from large ground-based telescopes. In this work, computational results are presented for a modified curvature sensor, the tomographic pupil image wavefront sensor, which measures the turbulence of the atmosphere, expressed in terms of an expansion over Zernike polynomials. Convolutional neural networks are presented as an alternative to the TPI-WFS reconstruction. This technique is a machine learning model of the family of artificial neural networks, which are widely (...) known for its performance as modeling and prediction technique in complex systems. Results obtained from the reconstruction of the networks are compared with the TPI-WFS reconstruction by estimating errors and optical measurements. The reconstructed wavefronts from both techniques are compared for wavefronts of 153 Zernike modes. For this case, a detailed comparison and grid search to find the most suitable neural network is performed, searching between multi-layer perceptron, CNN and recurrent networks topologies. In general, the best network was a CNN trained for TPI-WFS reconstruction, achieving better performance than the reconstruction software from TPI-WFS in most of the turbulent profiles, but the most significant improvements were found for higher turbulent profiles that have the lowest r0 values. (shrink)

Axiological foundations of free speach. Belandria, Margarita y González R., Javier Voluntad, ausencias, y normas: el sustrato histórico del positivismo en el derecho. Will, absences and norms: the historical background of positivism in law. Carpintero Benítez, Francisco Nominalismo jurídico, escolástica española y tradición republicana. Juridical nominalism, spanish scholasticism and republican tradition. Casanova Guerra, Carlos El primer principio de la razón práctica en la teoría de la ley natural de John Finnis. The first principle of practical reason in John Finnis´s (...) natural law theory. Hocevar G., Mayda G. El derecho a una educación integral de calidad, ¿utopía o posibilidad?. The right to an integral education of quality: utopia or possibility?. López de Cordero, Mery La muerte de la imagen. The death of the image. Peña, Edilio Karl Jaspers: autorreflexión y "existenzerhellung". Karl jaspers: self-reflection and "existenzerhellung". Portuondo Pajón, Gladys L. Derechos humanos y positivismo moderado. Human rights and temperated positivism. Ramos Pascua, José Antonio De la libertad y sus apariencias. On liberty and its appearances. Ramis Muscato, Pompeyo Pensamiento y vida: la "guía" zambraniana. Thought and life: zambrano's "guide" Rivara Kamaji, Greta Interdisciplinares Las mujeres en la ciencia de la salud. Women in the health sciences. Alcaraz Ariza, María Ángeles Cultura arquitectónica y crisis de la contemporaneidad. Architectural culture and crisis of the contemporary. Arellano Spinetti, Leonardo Recensiones Homenaje al filósofo venezolano Alberto Rosales. Walton, Roberto Informaciones Índice acumulado. (shrink)

Aim: The presence of noise in urban environments is rarely considered a factor that causes damage to the environment. The primary generating source is transportation means, with vehicles being the ones that affect cities the most. Traffic noise has a particular influence on the quality of life of those who are exposed to it and can cause health alterations ranging from annoyance to cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to describe the relationship between the traffic noise level and the perceived annoyance (...) in the inhabitants of a city on the Northern Border of Mexico. The work carried out in a city represents the vulnerability characteristics: economic, social, and migratory of its sizable portion of the inhabitants. Due to that, it is impossible to identify precisely the number of residents as the number of vehicles in circulation.Methods: The streets and avenues with an annual average daily traffic of more than 1,000 vehicles were considered for the measurement of traffic noise. The equipment used was a vehicle gauge with non-invasive speed radar; type I integrating sound level meters, with their respective gauges and tripods. A questionnaire was applied to people living within 250 m of the streets and avenues in which the noise was measured.Results: The noise measurement found a parameter of LAeq estimated for 12 h during the day, exceeding 70 dBA. The data received from the questionnaire were statistically tested by using Pearson's correlation tests. A total number of 2,350 people were participated, of whom 1,378 were women and 972 were men. The age of participants is ranged from 18 to 75 years. The overall perception of traffic noise annoyance identified that 1,131 participants responded “Yes” as they considered the noise annoying. Participants who responded “No” as well as those who responded “Do not know” resulted in a total of 1,219 people.Conclusion: The results show that the population is desensitized to traffic noise and does not perceive it as an annoyance. The flow of vehicles and the type of vehicles are the significant factors for the propagation and increase in the traffic noise levels. Women present a considerable appreciation of traffic noise perception instead of younger people who demonstrate a higher tolerance to high-level exposure. This reflects the lack of information of the population around the noise problem and its effects. (shrink)

Artículos Ciudadanía y sociedad civil en las democracias contemporáneas. Citizenship and civil society in contemporary democracies. de La Vega, Marta El poder simbólico de los medios de comunicación.The transformations of the political in the field of the symbolic.González Broquen, Ximena La rutinizacion de la indiferencia ética y el aplanamiento de los valores en la Argentina actual. Ethical indifference routine and smoothing moral in contemporary Argentine. Meabe, Joaquín E. Jürgen Habermas: entre la ética del discurso y la ética de la (...) especie. Jürgen Habermas: between the ethics of discourse and the ethics of the species. Moreno Lax, Alejandro Derechos humanos y proceso justo.Human rights and rightful process. Ramos Pascua, José Antonio El Fedón o la trascendencia del alma.Phaedo or the inmortality of the soul. Robledo Rodriguez, Alejandro La enseñanza del derecho en los países de derecho escrito.Legal education in civil law systems. Rodríguez Ferrara, Mauricio De cómo los latinoamericanos percibimos la pena de muerte. How latin-americans view the death penalti. Rodríguez Ferrara, Mauricio La doctrina platónica del alma en el 'Timeo'.The platonic doctrine of soul in 'Thimaeus'. Suzzarini, Andrés Interdisciplinares Bajo los murmullos: tributo a Juan Rulfo. Under the whispers: a homage to Juan Rulfo. Camacho Crispín, Marco Antonio Recensiones Semblanza del jurista venezolano Tulio Chiossone. Belandria, Margarita Informaciones Índice acumulado. (shrink)

RATIONALE AND AIMS: Total hip and knee replacements, usually, have long waiting lists. There are several prioritization tools for these kind of patients. A new tool should undergo a standardized validation process. The aim of the present study was to validate a new prioritization tool for primary hip and knee replacements. METHODS: We carried out a prospective study. Consecutive patients placed on the waiting list were eligible for the study. Patients included were mailed a questionnaire which included, among other questions, (...) the seven items of the priority tool and the Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) specific questionnaire. The priority tool gives a score from 0 to 100 points, and three categories (urgent, preferent and ordinary). We studied the content and construct validity. We used Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance. Correlational analysis was used to evaluate convergent and discriminate validity. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 838 patients (62.3% were female), with mean age of 70.2 years (SD 8.4). A total of 55.5% patients underwent knee replacement. Given that the tool was elaborated by patients and orthopaedic surgeons, it shows a good content validity. The priority score was statistically different (P < 0.001) among the three urgency categories created. The scores of the three WOMAC dimensions showed differences (P < 0.001) by the three urgency categories created. The correlations between the priority score and WOMAC dimensions were 0.79 (function), 0.69 (pain) and 0.51 (stiffness). The correlations between WOMAC items and items from priority tool were greater (0.47-0.69) between items measuring similar constructs than those measuring different constructs (0.27-0.49). These data are similar in both joints. CONCLUSIONS: Results support the validity of the prioritization tool to be used with patients waiting for hip or knee replacement. (shrink)

Reseña del libro de Miguel Catalán González: La creación burlada. Seudología IV.